Explore detailed animations showing how immune cells with realistic structures detect, attack, and remember pathogens.
Watch neutrophils with multi-lobed nuclei engulf pathogens through phagocytosis. The cell membrane extends to completely engulf the pathogen.
Neutrophils (cyan cells with multi-lobed nuclei) detect and engulf pathogens (red with spike proteins) through phagocytosis. Watch as the neutrophil membrane extends to engulf the pathogen.
T cells recognize infected cells while B cells produce Y-shaped antibodies. Antibodies bind to pathogen spike proteins to neutralize them.
T cells (yellow with large nucleus) recognize and eliminate infected cells. B cells (pink) produce Y-shaped antibodies that bind to and neutralize pathogens.
Vaccines train immune cells to recognize pathogens. Memory cells remember the threat and respond with remarkable speed when the real pathogen appears.
Phase 1 (Training): B cells learn to recognize the vaccine (green with spikes). Phase 2 (Memory): Trained cells become memory cells. Phase 3 (Challenge): Real pathogen appears; memory cells rapidly respond.
Neutrophils have multi-lobed nuclei, while T and B cells have large round nuclei.
Immune cells display receptors to recognize pathogens and communicate with other cells.
Pathogens display spike proteins that immune cells recognize as threats.